Structural and chemical evolution of single-wall carbon nanotubes under atomic and molecular deuterium interaction

The interaction of atomic (D) and molecular (D2) deuterium, as present in a (D + D2) gas mixture, with single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been studied by means of a combination of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The SWNT samples were exposed to the gas mixture, produced by thermal dissociation of D2 on a hot W filament, its temperature, TW, being kept at 1020 and 1550 K for a deuterium pressure of 0.6 and 60 Pa, respectively. Prolonged interaction of the low-pressure (D + D2) gas mixture produced at TW = 1020 K leads to a conglomeration of the SWNT bundles into larger diameter ropes of square and triangular cross-section, covered by nanoaggregates of graphite material. Both the coalescence of single SWNTs and a massive reconstruction of bundles of SWNTs into a ‘‘coral reef’’-like structure were found to occur after prolonged exposure of SWNTs to the high-pressure (D + D2) gas mixture produced at TW = 1550 K. This structure is formed by the encapsulated Fe nanoparticles and deuterocarbon-like species appearing as a result of the deuterium interaction with the SWNT bundles accompanied by partial erosion of the SWNT material. The XPS valence-band spectra disclose electronic features characteristic for a hydrogen-plasma modified multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT)-like structure as a result of an intensive (D + D2) induced transformation of the SWNTs into the ‘‘coral reef’’-like structure. ! 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.